TY - JOUR AU - Altman, D. G. AU - Bland, J. M. PY - 2005 TI - Treatment allocation by minimisation SP - 843 JF - British Medical Journal VL - 330 N1 - Treatment allocation by minimisation ID - 5 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Andersen, S.A. PY - 2009 TI - Stor suksess gjennom små, intelligente feil. Erfaringsbasert kunnskapsutvikling i toppidretten. SP - 427-461 JF - Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning VL - 50 N1 - Stor suksess gjennom små, intelligente feil. Erfaringsbasert kunnskapsutvikling i toppidretten. ID - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Batterham, A M AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2005 TI - A decision tree for controlled trials SP - 33-39 JF - Sportscience VL - 9 N1 - A decision tree for controlled trials KW - analysis, bias, crossover, randomized N2 - A controlled trial is used to estimate the effect of an intervention. We present here a decision tree for choosing the most appropriate of five kinds of con-trolled trial for numeric outcome measures. A time series or quasi-experimental design is used when there is no opportunity for a separate control group or control treatment. In this design, the weakest of the five, a series of measurements taken before the intervention serves as a baseline to estimate change resulting from the intervention. In trials with a separate control group, the usual design is a fully controlled parallel-groups trial, in which subjects are measured before and after their allocated control or experimental treatment. A posts-only design, in which subjects are measured only after their treatment, can be more efficient when poor reliability of the outcome measure over the time frame of the intervention makes large sample sizes unavoidable. Cross-over studies, in which all the subjects receive all the treatments, are an option when the effects of the treatments wash out in an acceptable time. In fully con-trolled crossovers, subjects are measured before and after each treatment, whereas measurements are taken only after each treatment in a simple cross-over. Fully controlled crossovers, arguably the best of the five designs, are more efficient if the outcome measure becomes too unreliable over the wash-out period, and they provide an assessment of the effect of the treatment on each subject. In simple crossovers, individual assessment is possible only by including a repeat of the control treatment. AD - School of Health and Social Care, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK; Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/jour/05/wghamb.htm ID - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Batterham, A M AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2005 TI - Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes SP - 6-13 JF - Sportscience VL - 9 N1 - Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes KW - clinical significance, confidence limits, statistical significance N2 - A study of a sample provides only an estimate of the true (population) value of an outcome statistic. A report of the study therefore usually includes an infer-ence about the true value. Traditionally, a researcher makes an inference by declaring the value of the statistic statistically significant or non-significant on the basis of a p value derived from a null hypothesis test. This approach is confusing and can be misleading, depending on the magnitude of the statistic, error of measurement, and sample size. We use a more intuitive and practical approach based directly on uncertainty in the true value of the statistic. First we express the uncertainty as confidence limits, which define the likely range of the true value. We then deal with the real-world relevance of this uncertainty by taking into account values of the statistic that are substantial in some posi-tive and negative sense, such as beneficial and harmful. If the likely range overlaps substantially positive and negative values, we infer that the outcome is unclear; otherwise, we infer that the true value has the magnitude of the observed value: substantially positive, trivial, or substantially negative. We refine this crude inference by stating qualitatively the likelihood that the true value will have the observed magnitude (e.g., very likely beneficial). Quantita-tive or qualitative probabilities that the true value has the other two magnitudes or more finely graded magnitudes (such as trivial, small, moderate, and large) can also be estimated to guide a decision about the utility of the outcome. AD - School of Health and Social Care, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK; Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/jour/05/ambwgh.htm ID - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bland, J.M. AU - Altman, D.G. PY - 1986 TI - Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement SP - 307-310 N1 - February 8 JF - Lancet VL - i N1 - Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement N1 - full KW - stats, rely ID - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bonetti, D L AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2009 TI - Sea-level exercise performance following adaptation to hypoxia: a meta-analysis SP - 107-127 JF - Sports Medicine VL - 39 N1 - Sea-level exercise performance following adaptation to hypoxia: a meta-analysis ID - 22 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Brouns, F. AU - Kovacs, E. PY - 1997 TI - Functional drinks for athletes SP - 414-421 JF - Trends in Food Science & Technology VL - 8 N1 - Functional drinks for athletes N1 - Dec Functional drinks for athletes ISI:000071305200005 N2 - Over the past few decades, numerous studies have been carried out to establish the optimal composition of drinks that are designed to rehydrate the body rapidly. These studies have led to the insight that drinks should contain carbohydrate (CHO) and sodium to stimulate fluid absorption and fluid retention. However, the CHO content as well as the osmolality of the drink should be relatively low. According to these findings, the composition criteria for rehydration drinks have quite a narrow range. Drinks that are designed to supply energy or substances that stimulate energy metabolism differ considerably in their composition. This review highlights the most relevant aspects. UR - ://000071305200005 ID - 34 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Carter, J. M. AU - Jeukendrup, A. E. AU - Jones, D. A. PY - 2004 TI - The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance SP - 2107-2111 JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise VL - 36 N1 - The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance N1 - The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance ID - 44 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chambers, E. S. AU - Bridge, M. W. AU - Jones, D. A. PY - 2009 TI - Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity SP - 1779-1794 JF - Journal of Physiology VL - 587 N1 - Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity N1 - Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity ID - 43 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chinn, S PY - 2000 TI - A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis SP - 3127-3131 JF - Statistics in Medicine VL - 19 N1 - A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis ID - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Coombes, J. S. AU - Hamilton, K. L. PY - 2000 TI - The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks SP - 181 JF - Sports Medicine VL - 29 N1 - The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks N1 - The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks ID - 42 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Coyle, E. F. PY - 2004 TI - Fluid and fuel intake during exercise SP - 39-55 JF - Journal of Sports Sciences VL - 22 N1 - Fluid and fuel intake during exercise N1 - Jan Fluid and fuel intake during exercise ISI:000187366800004 N2 - The amounts of water, carbohydrate and salt that athletes are advised to ingest during exercise are based upon their effectiveness in attenuating both fatigue as well as illness due to hyperthermia, dehydration or hyperhydration. When possible, fluid should be ingested at rates that most closely match sweating rate. When that is not possible or practical or sufficiently ergogenic, some athletes might tolerate body water losses amounting to 2% of body weight without significant risk to physical well-being or performance when the environment is cold (e.g. 5-10degreesC) or temperate (e.g. 21-22degreesC). However, when exercising in a hot environment ( >30degreesC), dehydration by 2% of body weight impairs absolute power production and predisposes individuals to heat injury. Fluid should not be ingested at rates in excess of sweating rate and thus body water and weight should not increase during exercise. Fatigue can be reduced by adding carbohydrate to the fluids consumed so that 30-60 g of rapidly absorbed carbohydrate are ingested throughout each hour of an athletic event. Furthermore, sodium should be included in fluids consumed during exercise lasting longer than 2 h or by individuals during any event that stimulates heavy sodium loss (more than 3-4 g of sodium). Athletes do not benefit by ingesting glycerol, amino acids or alleged precursors of neurotransmitter. Ingestion of other substances during exercise, with the possible exception of caffeine, is discouraged. Athletes will benefit the most by tailoring their individual needs for water, carbohydrate and salt to the specific challenges of their sport, especially considering the environment's impact on sweating and heat stress. UR - ://000187366800004 ID - 45 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Currell, K. AU - Jeukendrup, A. E. PY - 2008 TI - Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates SP - 275-281 JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise VL - 40 N1 - Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates N1 - Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates ID - 32 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Evans, S AU - Royston, P AU - Day, S PY - 2004 TI - Minim: allocation by minimisation in clinical trials JF - http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~mb55/guide/minim.htm N1 - Minim: allocation by minimisation in clinical trials ID - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Galloway, S. D. R. AU - Maughan, R. J. PY - 2000 TI - The effects of substrate and fluid provision on thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in a hot environment SP - 339-351 JF - Journal of Sports Sciences VL - 18 N1 - The effects of substrate and fluid provision on thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in a hot environment N1 - The effects of substrate and fluid provision on thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in a hot environment ID - 39 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2004 TI - Bias in Bland-Altman but not regression validity analyses SP - 42-46 JF - Sportscience VL - 8 N1 - Bias in Bland-Altman but not regression validity analyses KW - calibration, method comparison, random error, systematic error, standard error of the estimate N2 - An instrument that has been calibrated against a criterion measure with a sample of subjects is sometimes checked against the criterion in a validity study with another sample. In a spreadsheet-based simulation of such calibration and validity studies, a Bland-Altman plot of difference vs mean values for the instrument and criterion shows a systematic proportional bias in the instrument's readings, even though none is present. In contrast, a regression analysis of the criterion vs the instrument shows no bias. The regression analysis also provides complete statistics for recalibrating the instrument, if bias develops or if random error changes since the last calibration. The Bland-Altman analysis of validity should therefore be abandoned in favor of regression. AD - Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/jour/04/wghbias.htm ID - 17 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2006 TI - Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic SP - 46-50 JF - Sportscience VL - 10 N1 - Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic KW - crossover, design, inference, repeated measures, intervention, randomized, transformation, t statistic N2 - Spreadsheets previously available at this site for analysis of controlled trials have been updated to allow inclusion of one covariate representing a subject characteristic. The spreadsheets provide estimates of the effect of an intervention adjusted to any chosen value of the covariate, thereby reducing the possibility for confounding of the effect when a characteristic such as age, fitness or sex is unequal in the experimental and control groups. The pre-test value of the dependent variable can also be included as a covariate to avoid confounding by the phenomenon of regression to the mean. Graphs of change scores plotted against the covariate show visually how the treatment effect is adjusted to the chosen value of the covariate. The spreadsheets also provide an estimate of the effect of the covariate itself, representing individual responses attributable to the covariate. Other new features of the spreadsheets include plots of raw and back-transformed means with easily modified standard-deviation bars, and qualitative inferential outcomes based on interpretation of the span of the confidence interval relative to magnitude thresholds for trivial, small, moderate, large, and very large. AD - Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/2006/wghcontrial.htm ID - 6 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2006 BT - A New View of Statistics CT - Regression to the mean PB - http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/regmean.html N1 - Regression to the mean ID - 7 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2006 TI - Estimating sample size for magnitude-based inferences SP - 60-63 JF - Sportscience VL - 10 N1 - Estimating sample size for magnitude-based inferences KW - confidence limits, research design, statistical power, Type 1 error, Type 2 error N2 - Sample-size estimation based on the traditional method of statistical significance is not appropriate for a study designed to make an inference about real-world significance, which requires interpretation of magnitude of an outcome. I present here a spreadsheet using two new methods for estimating sample size for such studies, based on acceptable uncertainty defined either by the width of the confidence interval or by error rates for a clinical or practical decision arising from the study. The spreadsheet includes a section for estimating sample size by the traditional method, which requires sample sizes three times greater than those provided by the new methods. The key issues and statistical principles underlying sample-size estimation are outlined in an accompanying slideshow and conference poster. AD - Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/2006/wghss.htm ID - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2006 TI - Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic SP - 46-50 JF - Sportscience VL - 10 N1 - Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic KW - crossover, design, inference, repeated measures, intervention, randomized, transformation, t statistic N2 - Spreadsheets previously available at this site for analysis of controlled trials have been updated to allow inclusion of one covariate representing a subject characteristic. The spreadsheets provide estimates of the effect of an intervention adjusted to any chosen value of the covariate, thereby reducing the possibility for confounding of the effect when a characteristic such as age, fitness or sex is unequal in the experimental and control groups. The pre-test value of the dependent variable can also be included as a covariate to avoid confounding by the phenomenon of regression to the mean. Graphs of change scores plotted against the covariate show visually how the treatment effect is adjusted to the chosen value of the covariate. The spreadsheets also provide an estimate of the effect of the covariate itself, representing individual responses attributable to the covariate. Other new features of the spreadsheets include plots of raw and back-transformed means with easily modified standard-deviation bars, and qualitative inferential outcomes based on interpretation of the span of the confidence interval relative to magnitude thresholds for trivial, small, moderate, large, and very large. AD - Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/2006/wghcontrial.htm ID - 25 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2007 TI - Understanding statistics by using spreadsheets to generate and analyze samples SP - 23-36 JF - Sportscience VL - 11 N1 - Understanding statistics by using spreadsheets to generate and analyze samples KW - confidence limits, data analysis, probability distribution, random number, research design, simulation AD - Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will@clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/2007/wghstats.htm ID - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2007 TI - A spreadsheet for deriving a confidence interval, mechanistic inference and clinical inference from a p value SP - 16-20 JF - Sportscience VL - 11 N1 - A spreadsheet for deriving a confidence interval, mechanistic inference and clinical inference from a p value KW - clinical decision, confidence limits, null-hypothesis test, practical importance, statistical significance AD - Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will@clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/2007/wghinf.htm ID - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2007 TI - A spreadsheet to compare means in two groups SP - 22-23 JF - Sportscience VL - 11 N1 - A spreadsheet to compare means in two groups AD - Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will@clear.net.nz UR - http://sportsci.org/2007/inbrief.htm#xcl2 ID - 26 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2008 TI - Research designs: choosing and fine-tuning a design for your study SP - 12-21 JF - Sportscience VL - 12 N1 - Research designs: choosing and fine-tuning a design for your study KW - analysis, bias, case study, confounding, control, intervention, measurement, mediators, moderators, modulators, observational, randomized controlled trial, RCT, single subject N2 - Researchers can design a study to characterize a single instance of a phenomenon or to make an inference about a phenomenon in a population via a sample. Single-subject (or case) studies are justifiable when sampling is difficult or inappropriate. Psychosocial cases aimed at solving a specific problem usually require qualitative methods. Clinical cases are reports of diagnosis or treatment of injury or illness and are usually based on quantitative assessments and qualitative analysis. Non-clinical quantitative cases involve repeated sampling on a single subject and a quantitative inference about the subject generally. Sample-based designs are either observational or interventional, and most are aimed at quantifying a causal effect, in which changes in a predictor variable on average cause changes in a dependent variable. Establishing such causality in observational designs is problematic, owing to difficulties in adjusting for bias in the effect arising from confounders (variables that cause changes in the predictor and dependent). This problem is eliminated in interventions, but the necessary inclusion of a control treatment introduces bias mediated by differences between the groups in administration of treatments, compliance with study requirements, or imbalance in subject characteristics. Use of blinding and randomization at the design stage and inclusion of covariates in the analysis generally lead to trustworthy outcomes by reducing bias in interventions, but observational studies are sometimes the only ethically or logistically possible choice. The observational studies in approximate ascending order of the quality of evidence they provide for causality are case series, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies. The corresponding approximate order for interventions is pre-post single group, post-only crossover, pre-post crossover, pre-post parallel groups, and post-only parallel groups. Methodological designs are also of interest to researchers; these are special kinds of cross-sectional study aimed at characterizing the validity, diagnostic accuracy, reliability or factor structure of a measure. Finally, reviews are another kind of cross-sectional study in which the “subjects” are study-estimates of an effect and in which the analyst estimates the effect of different settings on the outcome. Each design has particular strengths that offset its weaknesses and make it the most appropriate for a research question. AD - Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will@clear.net.nz ID - 2 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Hopkins, W G PY - 2009 BT - Methodology in Sports Injury Research ED - Verhagen, E ED - van Mechelen, W CT - Statistics in observational studies CY - Oxford PB - OUP SP - 69-81 N1 - Statistics in observational studies ID - 24 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G AU - Hawley, J A AU - Burke, L M PY - 1999 TI - Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement SP - 472-485 JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise VL - 31 N1 - review N1 - Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement N1 - jour KW - perf, stats, rely ID - 23 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W.G. AU - Manly, B.F.J. PY - 1989 TI - Errors in assigning grades based on tests of finite validity SP - 180-182 JF - Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport VL - 60 N1 - model N1 - Errors in assigning grades based on tests of finite validity N1 - full KW - tests, validity ID - 20 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G AU - Marshall, S W AU - Batterham, A M AU - Hanin, J PY - 2009 TI - Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science SP - 3-12 JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise VL - 41 N1 - Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science ID - 18 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W. G. AU - Schabort, E. J. AU - Hawley, J. A. PY - 2001 TI - Reliability of power in physical performance tests SP - 211-234 JF - Sports Medicine VL - 31 N1 - Reliability of power in physical performance tests N1 - Reliability of power in physical performance tests KW - tests, rely ID - 36 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W G AU - Wilson, N C AU - Russell, D G PY - 1991 TI - Validation of the physical activity instrument for the Life in New Zealand national survey SP - 73-82 JF - American Journal of Epidemiology VL - 133 N1 - desc N1 - Validation of the physical activity instrument for the Life in New Zealand national survey N1 - full KW - activity, methods, questionnaire, fitness tests, validity ID - 19 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jeukendrup, A. AU - Brouns, F. AU - Wagenmakers, A. J. AU - Saris, W. H. PY - 1997 TI - Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings improve 1 h time trial cycling performance SP - 125-129 JF - International Journal of Sports Medicine VL - 18 N1 - Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings improve 1 h time trial cycling performance N1 - Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings improve 1 h time trial cycling performance ID - 35 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jeukendrup, A. E. PY - 2010 TI - Carbohydrate and exercise performance: the role of multiple transportable carbohydrates SP - 452-460 JF - Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care VL - 13 N1 - Carbohydrate and exercise performance: the role of multiple transportable carbohydrates N1 - Carbohydrate and exercise performance: the role of multiple transportable carbohydrates ID - 31 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Maughan, R. J. AU - Bethell, L. R. AU - Leiper, J. B. PY - 1996 TI - Effects of ingested fluids on exercise capacity and on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in man SP - 847 JF - Experimental Physiology VL - 81 N1 - Effects of ingested fluids on exercise capacity and on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in man N1 - Effects of ingested fluids on exercise capacity and on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in man ID - 40 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Maughan, R. J. AU - Leiper, J. B. PY - 1999 TI - Limitations to fluid replacement during exercise SP - 173-187 JF - Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism VL - 24 N1 - Limitations to fluid replacement during exercise N1 - Apr Limitations to fluid replacement during exercise ISI:000079199200006 N2 - Fluid replacement during exercise is essential for endurance exercise performance and reducing the risk of heat illness. Fluids supply water which ameliorates dehydration, and also substrate for the working muscles. Absorption of water and nutrients occurs in the upper part of the small intestine, and replacement may be limited by the rate at which fluid is emptied from the stomach or absorbed in the intestine. Gastric emptying of liquids is influenced primarily by the volume of fluid in the stomach and by its energy density Increasing the volume will speed emptying, but increasing the nutrient content will slow emptying. Osmolality, temperature, and pH of drinks, as well as exercise intensity, are of minor importance. Intestinal water absorption is a passive process: water-follows osmotic gradients brit will also follow the active absorption of nutrients, especially glucose, which is actively co-transported with sodium. Water transport is maximised by the presence in the intestine of hypotonic solutions of glucose and sodium. Hypertonic solutions promote net water secretion into the intestinal lumen, resulting in a temporary net loss of water from the body. The amount of fluid ingested by athletes is normally much less than can be tolerated, therefore issues such as palatability and practising drinking during training are important. UR - ://000079199200006 ID - 41 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Maughan, R. J. AU - Poole, D. C. PY - 1981 TI - The effects of a glycogen-loading regimen on the capacity to perform anaerobic exercise SP - 211-219 JF - European Journal of Applied Physiology VL - 46 N1 - The effects of a glycogen-loading regimen on the capacity to perform anaerobic exercise N1 - The effects of a glycogen-loading regimen on the capacity to perform anaerobic exercise ID - 33 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Norman, G R AU - Sridhar, F G AU - Guyatt, G H AU - Walter, S D PY - 2001 TI - Relation of distribution- and anchor-based approaches in interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life SP - 1037-1038 JF - Medical Care VL - 39 N1 - Relation of distribution- and anchor-based approaches in interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life ID - 27 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Paton, C D AU - Hopkins, W.G. PY - 2001 TI - Tests of cycling performance SP - 489-496 JF - Sports Medicine VL - 31 N1 - Tests of cycling performance N1 - jour KW - tests, cycle, valid, rely, ergometer ID - 16 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pyne, D AU - Trewin, C AU - Hopkins, W PY - 2004 TI - Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers SP - 613-20 JF - Journal of Sports Sciences VL - 22 N1 - Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers ID - 21 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scott, N W AU - McPherson, G C AU - Ramsay, C R AU - Campbell, M. K. PY - 2002 TI - The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials. a review SP - 662-674 JF - Controlled Clinical Trials VL - 23 N1 - The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials. a review ID - 3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Senn, S. PY - 2007 TI - A personal view of some controversies in allocating treatment to patients in clinical trials SP - 2661-2674 JF - Statistics in Medicine VL - 14 N1 - A personal view of some controversies in allocating treatment to patients in clinical trials ID - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Smith, J. E. W. AU - Zachwieja, J. J. AU - Peronnet, F. AU - Passe, D. H. AU - Massicotte, D. AU - Lavoie, C. AU - Pascoe, D. D. PY - 2010 TI - Fuel selection and cycling endurance performance with ingestion of [13C] glucose: evidence for a carbohydrate dose response SP - 1520-1529 JF - Journal of Applied Physiology VL - 108 N1 - Fuel selection and cycling endurance performance with ingestion of [13C] glucose: evidence for a carbohydrate dose response N1 - Fuel selection and cycling endurance performance with ingestion of [13C] glucose: evidence for a carbohydrate dose response ID - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Treasure, T. AU - MacRae, K. D. PY - 1998 TI - Minimisation: the platinum standard for trials? SP - 362-3 JF - British Medical Journal VL - 317 N1 - Minimisation: the platinum standard for trials? ID - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Triplett, D. AU - Doyle, J. A. AU - Rupp, J. C. AU - Benardot, D. PY - 2010 TI - An isocaloric glucose-fructose beverage’s effect on simulated 100-km cycling performance compared with a glucose-only beverage SP - 122-131 JF - International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism VL - 20 N1 - An isocaloric glucose-fructose beverage’s effect on simulated 100-km cycling performance compared with a glucose-only beverage N1 - An isocaloric glucose-fructose beverage’s effect on simulated 100-km cycling performance compared with a glucose-only beverage ID - 29 ER -