%0 Journal Article
%A Egan, D.J.
%D 1999
%T Analysis of expired air with GasCalc: an automated spreadsheet
%B Sportscience
%V 3
%N 3
%P sportsci.org/jour/9903/dje.html (1549 words)
%K Douglas bag, fuel utilization, indirect calorimetry, oxygen uptake
%X Analysis of expired air collected in bags is the reference standard for determination of oxygen uptake.  For aerobic steady-state exercise, it is also possible to determine energy expenditure and substrate utilization.  I present here an automated Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for the analyses.
%O National Coaching and Training Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland. Email:  david.j.egan=AT=ul.ie

%0 Journal Article
%A Hopkins, W.G.
%D 1999
%T A more practical site (editorial)
%B Sportscience
%V 3
%N 3
%P sportsci.org/jour/9903/wghedit.html (256 words)
%O Department of Physiology and School of Physical Education,  University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 9001,  will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz

%0 Journal Article
%A Hopkins, W.G.
%D 1999
%T ACE gene in doubt
%B Sportscience
%V 3
%N 3
%P sportsci.org/jour/9903/inbrief.html#gene (223 words)
%O Department of Physiology and School of Physical Education,  University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 9001,  will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz

%0 Journal Article
%A Hopkins, W.G.
%D 1999
%T Hypoxic-muscle update
%B Sportscience
%V 3
%N 3
%P sportsci.org/jour/9903/inbrief.html#hypoxic (480 words)
%O Department of Physiology and School of Physical Education,  University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 9001,  will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz

%0 Journal Article
%A Hopkins, W.G.
%D 1999
%T Endnote abbreviations and styles: files for sport and exercise journals
%B Sportscience
%V 3
%N 3
%P sportsci.org/jour/9903/wghendnote.html (434 words)
%O Department of Physiology and School of Physical Education,  University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 9001,  will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz

%0 Journal Article
%A Hopkins, W.G.
%D 1999
%T Workshop on grant applications and other scientific documents
%B Sportscience
%V 3
%N 3
%P sportsci.org/jour/9903/wghwrite.html (798 words)
%O Department of Physiology and School of Physical Education,  University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 9001,  will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz

%0 Journal Article
%A Paton, C.D.
%A Hopkins, W.G.
%D 1999
%T Performance enhancement at the Fifth IOC Congress on Sport Sciences
%B Sportscience
%V 3
%N 3
%P sportsci.org/jour/9903/cdpwghIOC.html (2253words)
%K altitude training, anabolic and ergogenic aids, colostrum, creatine, elite athletes, lactate threshold, nutrition
%X Effects of altitude: generally positive for sea-level performance.  Creatine supplementation: more evidence of its effectiveness for repeated bouts of high-intensity activity, plus information on loading and maintenance regimes.  Colostrum supplementation: preliminary evidence for a small effect on rowing performance.  Other supplements: take care with "natural remedies", which may contain banned substances; don't get in the Zone; use intravenous fluids only for serious energy imbalance in multi-day events. Lactate threshold: it doesn't track performance well when athletes are highly motivated.  Worthwhile enhancements: on the basis of variation in competitive performance, aim for at least 0.5-1.5% for elite track-and field athletes and 0.8% for elite Olympic triathletes.
%O Sports Studies, Waikato Polytechnic, Hamilton, New Zealand; Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand. Email: sccdp=AT=twp.ac.nz, will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz